Algorithms for CAD Tools VLSI Design

Due to advent of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), mainly due to rapid advances in integration technologies the electronics industry has achieved a phenomenal growth over the last two decades. Various applications of VLSI circuits in high-performance computing, telecommunications, and consumer electronics has been expanding progressively, and at a very hasty pace. Steady advances in semi-conductor technology and in the integration level of Integrated circuits (ICs) have enhanced many features, increased the performance, improved reliability of electronic equipment, and at the same time reduce the cost, power consumption and the system size. With the increase in the size and the complexity of the digital system, Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools are introduced into the hardware design process. The early paper and pencil design methods have given way to sophisticated design entry, verification and automatic hardware generation tools. The use of interactive and automatic design tools significantly increased the designer productivity with an efficient management of the design project and by automatically performing a huge amount of time extensive tasks. The designer heavily relies on software tools for every aspect of development cycle starting from circuit specification and design entry to the performance analysis, layout generation and verification. Partitioning is a method which is widely used for solving large complex problems. The partitioning methodology proved to be very useful in solving the VLSI design automation problems occurring in every stage of the IC design process. But the size and the complexity of the VLSI design has increased over time, hence some of the problems can be solved using partitioning techniques. Graphs and hypergraphs are the natural representation of the circuits, so many problems in VLSI design can be solved effectively either by graph or hyper-graph partitioning. VLSI circuit partitioning is a vital part of the physical design stage. The essence of the circuit partitioning is to divide a circuit into number of sub-circuits with minimum interconnection between them. Which can be accomplished recursively partitioning the circuits into two parts until the desired level of complexity is reached. Partitioning is a critical area of VLSI CAD. In order to build complex digital logic circuits it is often essential to sub-divide multi –million transistor design into manageable pieces. The presence of hierarchy gives rise to natural clusters of cells. Most of the widely used algorithms tend to ignore this clustering and divide the net list in a balanced partitioning and frequently the resulting partitions are not optimal.